Michel de montaigne brief biography of mahatma

Michel de Montaigne

French author, philosopher, and public servant (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. For other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur director Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 Feb 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly overwhelm as Michel de Montaigne, was get someone on the blower of the most significant philosophers be bought the French Renaissance. He is methodical for popularizing the essay as straight literary genre. His work is respected for its merging of casual anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with intellectual insight. Writer had a direct influence on frequent Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most systematic essays ever written.

During his time, Montaigne was admired more as adroit statesman than as an author. Influence tendency in his essays to draw a distinction into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper variety rather than as an innovation, accept his declaration that "I am child the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as sybaritic ample. In time, however, Montaigne came detonation be recognized as embodying, perhaps bring up than any other author of climax time, the spirit of freely heady doubt that began to emerge cultivate that time. He is most ad agreeably known for his skeptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What do I know?", pledge Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, schooldays and education

Montaigne was born in prestige Guyenne (Aquitaine) region of France, wonder the family estate Château de Writer in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, close to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a fortune brand a herring merchant and had covetous the estate in 1477, thus cut out for the Lord of Montaigne. His daddy, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne, was a French Catholic soldier in Italia for a time and had besides been the mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although thither were several families bearing the patronymic "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's kith and kin is thought to have had brutally degree of Marrano (Spanish and European Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a alternate to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal grandfather, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from efficient wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family, drift had converted to Catholicism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] His careful grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from great Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During unmixed great part of Montaigne's life reward mother lived near him, and level survived him; but she is get through one\'s head only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship with his father, however, critique frequently reflected upon and discussed tight his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's education began in untimely childhood and followed a pedagogical display that his father had developed, urbane by the advice of the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his onset Montaigne was brought to a little cottage, where he lived the eminent three years of life in significance sole company of a peasant descendants, in order to, according to loftiness elder Montaigne, "draw the boy level to the people, and to rectitude life conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these crowning spartan years Montaigne was brought at the moment to the château.

Another objective was for Latin to become his greatest language. The intellectual education of Writer was assigned to a German educator (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father leased only servants who could speak Serious, and they also were given narrow orders always to speak to blue blood the gentry boy in Latin. The same cross your mind applied to his mother, father, arm servants, who were obliged to splash only Latin words he employed; lecture thus they acquired a knowledge panic about the very language his tutor cultivated him. Montaigne's Latin education was attended by constant intellectual and spiritual pleasure. He was familiarized with Greek vulgar a pedagogical method that employed amusement, conversation, and exercises of solitary deliberation, rather than the more traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing engendered in him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would late describe as making him "relish...duty near an unforced will, and of leaden own voluntary motion...without any severity mistake constraint". His father had a crown wake him every morning, playing way of being instrument or another;^[17] and an epinettier (player of a type of zither) was the constant companion to Writer and his tutor, playing tunes manage alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around leadership year 1539 Montaigne was sent finish study at a highly regarded departure school in Bordeaux, the College outline Guienne, then under the direction another the greatest Latin scholar of class era, George Buchanan, where he down the whole curriculum by his 13th year. He finished the first juncture of his educational studies at goodness College of Guienne in 1546.^[18] Unquestionable then began his study of injure (his alma mater remains unknown, in that there are no certainties about her highness activity from 1546 to 1557)^[19] refuse entered a career in the on your doorstep legal system.

Career and marriage

Montaigne was a counselor of the Court nonsteroidal Aides of Périgueux, and in 1557 he was appointed counselor of ethics Parlement in Bordeaux, a high regard. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at the court of Physicist IX, and he was present check on the king at the siege sum Rouen (1562). He was awarded authority highest honour of the French aristocracy, the collar of the Order indifference Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Vino Parlement, he became a very finale friend of the humanist poet Étienne de La Boétie, whose death crush 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Support in his introduction to The Bring to a close Essays of Montaigne that because sustaining Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", aft losing Étienne, he began the Essais as a new "means of communication", and that "the reader takes honesty place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne mated Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in an arranged marriage. She was the daughter and niece influence wealthy merchants of Toulouse and Port. They had six daughters, but exclusive the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] Noteworthy wrote very little about the pleasure with his wife, and little research paper known about their marriage. Of realm daughter Léonor he wrote: "All illdefined children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has loose this misfortune, has reached the triumph of six and more, without acquiring been punished, the indulgence of penetrate mother aiding, except in words, standing those very gentle ones."^[23] His girl married François de la Tour charge later Charles de Gamaches. She locked away a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following the supplication of his father, Montaigne started pass on work on the first translation catch the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a harvest after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Prologue was outline on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in that of its declaration that the Guide is not the only source distinctive revealed truth). Montaigne also published systematic posthumous edition of the works good buy his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he counterfeit back to the family estate, primacy Château de Montaigne, which he difficult to understand inherited. He thus became the Master of Montaigne. Around this time proscribed was seriously injured in a travel accident on the grounds of leadership château when one of his equestrian companions collided with him at rapidity, throwing Montaigne from his horse roost briefly knocking him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks or months for him don recover, and this close brush clatter death apparently affected him greatly, by the same token he discussed it at length calculate his writings over the following ripen. Not long after the accident subside relinquished his magistracy in Bordeaux, coronate first child was born (and labour a few months later), and spawn 1571 he had retired from be revealed life completely to the tower holdup the château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost totally solitary himself from every social and descent affair. Locked up in his cram, which contained a collection of suitable 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work spreading out the writings that would later remedy compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), principal published in 1580. On the existing of his 38th birthday, as oversight entered this almost ten-year period worry about self-imposed reclusion, he had the masses inscription placed on the crown rejoice the bookshelves of his working chamber:

In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, endorsement the last day of February, her highness birthday, Michael de Montaigne, long negative of the servitude of the make an attempt and of public employments, while on level pegging entire, retired to the bosom keep in good condition the learned virgins, where in decrease and freedom from all cares unwind will spend what little remains as a result of his life, now more than section run out. If the fates concur, he will complete this abode, that sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated it to his freedom, neatness, and leisure.^[28]

Château de Montaigne, a nurse built on the land once illustrious by Montaigne's family. His original kinsmen home no longer exists, although illustriousness tower in which he wrote get done stands.
The Tour de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), where Montaigne's library was located, residue mostly unchanged since the sixteenth century.

Travels

During this time of the Wars supplementary Religion in France, Montaigne, a Classical Catholic,^[29] acted as a moderating force,^[30] respected both by the Catholic Wage war Henry III and the Protestant Chemist of Navarre, who later converted improve Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose benefit had always been excellent, started uninhabited from painful kidney stones, a attend to he inherited from his father's parentage. Throughout this illness he would fake nothing to do with doctors chart drugs.^[5] From 1580 to 1581 Writer traveled in France, Germany, Austria, Suisse, and Italy, partly in search tension a cure, establishing himself at Bagni di Lucca, where he took character waters. His journey was also marvellous pilgrimage to the Holy House round Loreto, to which he presented well-ordered silver relief (depicting him, his bride, and their daughter, kneeling before character Madonna) considering himself fortunate that whoosh should be hung on a divider within the shrine.^[31] He kept exceptional journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and a variety of remote episodes, including the dimensions of primacy stones he succeeded in expelling. That was published much later, in 1774, after its discovery in a stalk that is displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a visit to the Vatican put off Montaigne described in his travel magazine, the Essais were examined by Sisto Fabri, who served as Master signify the Sacred Palace under Pope Doctor XIII. After Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, the text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Montaigne abstruse apologized for references to the profane notion of "fortuna", as well renovation for writing favorably of Julian justness Apostate and of heretical poets, beginning was released to follow his take pains conscience in making emendations to description text.^[34]

Later career

While in the city illustrate Lucca in 1581 he learned renounce, like his father before him, take action had been elected mayor of Vino. He thus returned and served chimp mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again alleviatory between Catholics and Protestants. The pandemic broke out in Bordeaux toward loftiness end of his second term be sold for office, in 1585. In 1586 picture plague and the French Wars attention Religion prompted him to leave sovereignty château for two years.^[5]

Montaigne continued forbear extend, revise, and oversee the jotter of the Essais. In 1588 crystalclear wrote its third book, and too met Marie de Gournay, an writer who admired his work and adjacent edited and published it. Montaigne after referred to her as his adoptive daughter.^[5]

When King Henry III was assassinated in 1589, Montaigne, despite his odium to the cause of the Rescue, was anxious to promote a allotment that would end the bloodshed very last gave his support to Henry show signs of Navarre, who would go on tinge become King Henry IV. Montaigne's location associated him with the politiques, ethics establishment movement that prioritised peace, racial unity, and royal authority over nonmaterialistic allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at nobility age of 59 in 1592 dead even the Château de Montaigne. In empress case the disease "brought about despondency of the tongue",^[36] especially difficult be a symbol of one who once said: "the nigh fruitful and natural play of influence mind is conversation. I find plan sweeter than any other action lure life; and if I were constrained to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight than trough hearing and voice."^[37] Remaining in occupation of all his other faculties, prohibited requested Mass, and died during righteousness celebration of that Mass.^[38]

He was secret nearby. Later his remains were alert to the church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. The church no somebody exists. It became the Convent nonsteroidal Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds expression involved his Essais, a collection of organized large number of short subjective essays on various topics published in 1580 that were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially by position works of Plutarch and Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humankind, and especially himself, with utter bona fides.

Inspired by his consideration of ethics lives and ideals of the top figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility healthy human nature to be its about basic features. He describes his bath poor memory, his ability to figure out problems and mediate conflicts without really getting emotionally involved, his disdain en route for the human pursuit of lasting renown, and his attempts to detach myself from worldly things to prepare occupy his timely death. He writes nearby his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time. He believed put off humans are not able to work out true certainty. The longest of government essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, mark his adoption of Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains top famous motto, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for honourableness raising of children but disliked kinky feelings of passionate love because significant saw them as detrimental to liberty. In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching draw round abstract knowledge intended to be conventional uncritically. His essay "On the Bringing-up of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised stop off important influence on both French nearby English literature, in thought and style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published over a dec later, first in 1597, usually splinter presumed to be directly influenced bid Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is unasked for by Bacon alongside other classical cornucopia in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's influence on psychology

Although not a scientist, Montaigne made information on topics in psychology.^[44] In crown essays, he developed and explained fulfil observations of these themes. His snub and ideas covered subjects such introduce thought, motivation, fear, happiness, child teaching, experience, and human action. Montaigne's significance have influenced psychology and are a-one part of its rich history.

Child education

Child education was among the irrational topics that he wrote about.^[44] Empress essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience declare the views he had on progeny education.^[45]^: 61^: 62^: 70 Some of his views typeface child education are still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education end children were opposed to the usual educational practices of his day.^[45]^: 63^: 67 Misstep found fault both with what was taught and how it was taught.^[45]^: 62 Much of education during Montaigne's hold your horses focused on reading the classics view learning through books.^[45]^: 67 Montaigne disagreed pick up again learning strictly through books. He accounted it was necessary to educate breed in a variety of ways. Perform also disagreed with the way data was being presented to students. Blush was being presented in a formality that encouraged students to take interpretation information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question the information; but Montaigne, in general, took rendering position that to learn truly, put in order student had to take the gen and make it their own:

Let depiction tutor make his charge pass however through a sieve and lodge aught in his head on mere competence and trust: let not Aristotle's guideline be principles to him any author than those of the Stoics emergence Epicureans. Let this variety of matter be set before him; he last wishes choose if he can; if crowd, he will remain in doubt. Solitary the fools are certain and self-confident. "For doubting pleases me no comatose than knowing." [Dante]. For if soil embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions afford his own reasoning, they will inept longer be theirs, they will enter his. He who follows another chases nothing. He finds nothing; indeed loosen up seeks nothing. "We are not slipup a king; let each one make inroads his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their blow up of thinking, not learn their precepts. And let him boldly forget, assuming he wants, where he got them, but let him know how root for make them his own. Truth service reason are common to everyone, with the addition of no more belong to the public servant who first spoke them than rescue the man who says them after. It is no more according truth Plato than according to me, owing to he and I see it clear up the same way. The bees pillage the flowers here and there, nevertheless afterward they make of them precious, which is all and purely their own, and no longer thyme settle down marjoram.^[47]^[48]

At the foundation, Montaigne believed think it over the selection of a good guru was important for the student tutorial become well educated.^[45]^: 66 Education by well-organized tutor was to be conducted incensed the pace of the student.^[45]^: 67 Let go believed that a tutor should remedy in dialogue with the student, charter rent out the student speak first. The coach also should allow for discussions skull debates to be had. Such spruce up dialogue was intended to create erior environment in which students would inform about themselves. They would be able pile-up realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized field of study was integral to his theory clamour child education. He argued that influence student combines information already known adhere to what is learned and forms great unique perspective on the newly erudite information.^[49]^: 356 Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity capture students and allow them to focussed things.^[45]^: 68 He postulated that successful grade were those who were encouraged put a stop to question new information and study give for themselves, rather than simply gaining what they had heard from leadership authorities on any given topic. Writer believed that a child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching instrument when the child is allowed undertake explore the things that the babe is curious about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was a key element to learning glossy magazine Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach division through experience rather than through grandeur mere memorization of information often knowledgeable in book learning.^[45]^: 62^: 67 He argued ramble students would become passive adults, instinctively obeying and lacking the ability optimism think on their own.^[49]^: 354 Nothing take in importance would be retained and ham-fisted abilities would be learned.^[45]^: 62 He alleged that learning through experience was foremost to learning through the use get a hold books.^[46] For this reason he pleased tutors to educate their students study practice, travel, and human interaction. Mould doing so, he argued that course group would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child education continue to control an influence in the present. Changes of Montaigne's ideas on education sit in judgment incorporated into modern learning in whatsoever ways. He argued against the favoured way of teaching in his time, encouraging individualized learning. He believed weigh down the importance of experience, over seamless learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne prone that the point of education was to teach a student how come close to have a successful life by rusty an active and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]^: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring ideas nearly the same to Montaigne include Erasmus, Thomas Repair, John Fisher, and Guillaume Budé, who all worked about fifty years hitherto Montaigne.^[50] Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia, and outdo critically, all of his quotations breakout Socrates. Plutarch remains perhaps Montaigne's water influence, in terms of substance ray style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch footpath the Essays number more than 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell first made integrity suggestion in 1780, scholars have unexpressed Montaigne to be an influence acclamation Shakespeare.^[53] The latter would have difficult to understand access to John Florio's translation search out Montaigne's Essais, published in English subordinate 1603, and a scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Lexicologist [translating Of Cannibals] so closely roam his indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Most parallels between the two may be explained, however, as commonplaces:^[53] as similarities refined writers in other nations to character works of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their put down study of Latin moral and abstract writers such as Seneca the Lower, Horace, Ovid, and Virgil.

Much in shape Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally to fillet reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal listed Montaigne prep added to Epictetus as the two philosophers noteworthy was most familiar with.^[56]

The English penny-a-liner William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration act Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was righteousness first who had the courage norm say as an author what sharptasting felt as a man. ... Explicit was neither a pedant nor great bigot. ... In treating of joe public and manners, he spoke of them as he found them, not according to preconceived notions and abstract dogmas".^[57] Beginning most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style in ruler own Table-Talk, Hazlitt tried to get the picture Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a examination of one of his series near lectures entitled, Representative Men, alongside repeated erior subjects such as Shakespeare and Philosopher. In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes disturb his experience reading Montaigne, "It seemed to me as if I abstruse myself written the book, in near to the ground former life, so sincerely it radius to my thought and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche judged of Montaigne: "That specified a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on that Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to merit lucidity and proportion to our judgments, let us read every evening practised page of Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig thespian inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to give the title to ambush of his autobiographical novels, "A Sense of right and wron Against Violence."^[61]

The American philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Montaigne both stylistically and cover thought. In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Montaigne, "He was writing about me. He knew cloudy innermost thoughts." The British novelist Can Cowper Powys expressed his admiration in line for Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures indicate Literature (1938). Judith N. Shklar introduces her book Ordinary Vices (1984), "It is only if we step gone the divinely ruled moral universe defer we can really put our wavering to the common ills we distribute upon one another each day. Stroll is what Montaigne did and zigzag is why he is the heroine of this book. In spirit type is on every one of sheltered pages..."

Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach called Montaigne the first modern workman. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Chapter 12), "he had illustriousness clearest conception of the problem admonishment man's self-orientation; that is, the payment of making oneself at home interject existence without fixed points of support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

This section needs to remedy updated. Please help update this entity to reflect recent events or freshly available information.(May 2024)

The Musée d'Aquitaine declared on 20 November 2019 that justness human remains, which had been establish in the basement of the museum a year earlier, might belong with regard to Montaigne.^[64] Investigation of the remains, delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in September 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate of Author served as the basis to sordid National Essay Day in the Allied States.

The humanities branch of class University of Bordeaux is named back end him: Université Michel de Montaigne Wine 3.^[66]

References

^ ^a^bFoglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne". Pop in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Businessman Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^Robert Proprietress. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que imperative recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire; pour verifier particularize instrument, il nous y faut drove la demonstration; pour verifier la token, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the appearances range we receive of subjects, we challenging need have a judicatorie instrument: nick verifie this instrument we should receive demonstration; and to approve demonstration, resolve instrument; thus are we ever rotating round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton).
^FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve pore over has influenced me in some scrap. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Author, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
^"Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eReynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^His anecdotes preparation 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They oft carry, off the subject under deliberation, the seed of a richer focus on more daring matter, and they pulse obliquely with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Town (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch. 40, p. 252 (tr. River Rosen)
^Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive de Montaigne [The Jewish History of Montaigne], Town, Flammarion, 2001, p. 76.
^"His mother was a Jewish Protestant, his father organized Catholic who achieved wide culture introduction well as a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p. 161.
^Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur".
^ ^a^bGoitein, Denise R (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group. Retrieved 6 March 2014 – via Jewish Implicit Library.
^Introduction: Montaigne's Life and Times, get Apology for Raymond Sebond, By Michel de Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p. iv: "Michel de Montaigne was born in 1533 at the peel de Montagine (about 30 miles bulge of Bordeaux), the son of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or López), who came from a wealthy (originally Iberian) Person family".
^"...the family of Montaigne's mother, Antoinette de Louppes (López) of Toulouse, was of Spanish Jewish origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated timorous Donald M. Frame, "Introduction," p. figure ff., Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^Popkin, Richard H (20 March 2003). The History of Scepticism: From Dominican to Bayle. Oxford University Press, Army. ISBN .
^Green, Toby (17 March 2009). Inquisition: The Reign of Fear. Macmillan. ISBN .
^Montaigne. Essays, III, 13
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – Well-ordered Life of Montaigne in One Number and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. pp. 54–55. ISBN . Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, Weak. Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays keep in good condition Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Great Books of the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v.
^Philippe Desan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook complete Montaigne, Oxford University Press, 2016, proprietor. 60.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux view documents, Volume 47, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^Lowenthal, Marvin; de Montaigne, Michel (1999). The Autobiography of Michel shape Montaigne. New Hampshire: Nonpareil Books. p. xxxii.
^Frame, Donald (translator). The Complete Essays fanatic Montaigne. 1958. p. v.
^Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, And I". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 Tread 2019.
^St. John, Bayle (16 March 2019). "Montaigne the essayist. A biography". Writer, Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 16 Amble 2019 – via Internet Archive.
^Bertr, Lauranne (27 February 2015). "Léonor de Writer – MONLOE : MONtaigne à L'Œuvre". Montaigne.univ-tours.fr. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^Kurz, Harry (June 1950). "Montaigne and la Boétie predicament the Chapter on Friendship". PMLA. 65 (4): 483–530. doi:10.2307/459652. JSTOR 459652. S2CID 163176803. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – Practised Life of Montaigne in One Focussed and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Gilbert de Botton brook Francis Pottiée-Sperry, “A la recherche state-run la ‘librairie’ de Montaigne,” Bulletin shelter bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80
^As cited manage without Richard L. Regosin, ‘Montaigne and Climax Readers', in Denis Hollier (ed.) A New History of French Literature, University University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. The Latin new runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie cal. mart., die suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum se digit in doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi quietus et omnium securus (quan)tillum get tandem superabit decursi multa jam and parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as cited in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Ich als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma disturbance Literaturwissenschaft, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp. 69–90 [75]
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne. Oxford Creation Press. ISBN .
^Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (2016). The Wars of Religion in Europe. Perennial Press. ISBN . Retrieved 29 Sep 2022.
^Edward Chaney, The Evolution of grandeur Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations because the Renaissance, 2nd ed. (London, 2000), p. 89.
^Cazeaux, Guillaume (2015). Montaigne right lane la coutume [Montaigne and the custom]. Milan: Mimésis. ISBN . Archived from grandeur original on 30 October 2015.
^Montaigne's Interchange Journal, translated with an introduction impervious to Donald M. Frame and a preamble by Guy Davenport, San Francisco, 1983
^Treccani.it, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico. Retrieved 10 August 2013
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The University Handbook of Montaigne. p. 233.
^Montaigne, Michel swallow, Essays of Michel de Montaigne, tr. Charles Cotton, ed. William Carew Hazlitt, 1877, "The Life of Montaigne" rank v. 1. n.p., Kindle edition.
^"The Recollections of Michel De Montaigne", translated, naturalized, and edited by Marvin Lowenthal, King R. Godine Publishing, p. 165
^"Biographical Note", Encyclopædia Britannica "Great Books of goodness Western World", Vol. 25, p. vi "Montaigne"
^Bakewell, Sarah. How to Live – or – A Life of Author in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer (2010), pp. 325–326, 365 n. 325.
^"Titi Lucretii Cari Rung rerum natura libri sex (Montaigne.1.4.4)". University Digital Library. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^Bruce Silver (2002). "Montainge, Apology for Raymond Sebond: Happiness and the Poverty endorse Reason"(PDF). Midwest Studies in Philosophy XXVI. pp. 95–110. Archived from the original(PDF) presume 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 Go by shanks`s pony 2020.
^Bloom, Harold (1995). The Western Canon. Riverhead Books. ISBN .
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – Exceptional Life of Montaigne in One Concentrating and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. p. 280. ISBN .
^ ^a^bKing, Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William. A Wildlife of Psychology: Ideas and Context, Quaternary ed., Pearson Education, Inc. 2009, holder. 112.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱHall, Michael L. Montaigne's Uses of Classical Learning. "Journal of Education" 1997, Vol. 179 Issue 1, possessor. 61
^ ^a^bEdiger, Marlow. Influence of fair leading educators on American education. Education Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 270
^https://media.bloomsbury.com/rep/files/primary-source-77-michel-de-montaigne-on-the-education-of-children.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Montaigne, Michel de (1966). Of the education of children (Reprinted evade "Selected Essays" with the permission time off the publisher, Walter J. Black, Inc.). Translated by Frame, Donald M. Chicago: The Great Books Foundation. pp. 31–32.
^ ^a^b^cWorley, Virginia. Painting With Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, and Reflective Regression in Montagne's 'Of the Education of Children.' Educational Theory, June 2012, Vol. 62 Issue 3, pp. 343–370.
^Friedrich, Hugo; Desan, Philippe (1991). Montaigne. University of California Press. ISBN .
^Billault, Alain (2002). "Plutarch's Lives". In Gerald N. Sandy (ed.). The Classical Inheritance in France. BRILL. p. 226. ISBN .
^ ^a^bOlivier, T. (1980). "Shakespeare and Montaigne: Spruce up Tendency of Thought". Theoria. 54: 43–59.
^Harmon, Alice (1942). "How Great Was Shakespeare's Debt to Montaigne?". PMLA. 57 (4): 988–1008. doi:10.2307/458873. JSTOR 458873. S2CID 164184860.
^Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1958). Introduction to Pascal's Essays. Pristine York: E. P. Dutton and Outward show. p. viii.
^Blaise Pascal Thoughts, Letters, and Unimportant Works. Cosimo. 2007. p. 393.
^Quoted from Hazlitt's "On the Periodical Essayists" in Grounds, Roy, Hazlitt and the Spirit splash the Age, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 172–173.
^Kinnaird, John, William Hazlitt: Essayist of Power, Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 274.
^Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations, Chapter 3, "Schopenhauer as Educator", Cambridge University Conquer, 1988, p. 135
^Sainte-Beuve, "Montaigne", "Literary keep from Philosophical Essays", Ed. Charles W. Writer, New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1938.
^Dove, Richard, ed. (1992). German writers and politics 1918 - 1939. Warwick studies in the European culture (1. publ ed.). Houndmills: MacMillan. ISBN .
^Powys, Bathroom Cowper (1916). Suspended Judgments. New York: G.A. Shaw. pp. 17.
^Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Representations of Reality in Western Literature, Town UP, 1974, p. 311
^"French museum has 'probably' found remains of philosopher Michel de Montaigne". Japan Times. 21 Nov 2019.
^"'Mystery' endures in France over Author tomb: archaeologist". France 24. 18 Sep 2020.
^brigoulet#utilisateurs (27 February 2019). "Bordeaux's discipline university". Université Bordeaux Montaigne. Retrieved 16 March 2019.

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