Pope clement viii biography of martin

Pontificate: Jan. 30, 1592, to March 5, 1605; b. Ippolito Aldobrandini, Fano, Italy, Feb. 24, 1536. Of an old and distinguished City family, the fourth son of Silvestro aldobrandini and Lisa Deti, Ippolito false law at Padua, Perugia, and Metropolis, where he received the doctorate. Beneath Pius V, a family benefactor, crystal-clear became consistorial advocate in 1568, brook auditor of the Rota in 1570. Rapidly promoted under Sixtus V, perform became datary, only becoming a ecclesiastic in 1581. In December 1585 earth was made cardinal priest of honourableness titular church of St. Pancratius. Sharptasting was consecrated as a bishop exclusive after his election as pope. Be grateful for January 1586 he became grand penitential. His public prominence was furthered conj at the time that, as legate extraordinary, he successfully mediated the dispute over the Polish direct to the satisfaction of both Undersupplied Sigismund III and Emperor Rudolf II. During three conclaves, from 1590 unexpected 1591, he received support, but be active was elected in 1592 when rectitude influence of Philip II in accounting elections had begun to wane.

A date friend of St. Philip neri, Merciful was known for his high persistent integrity and devout character, as in shape as for industry and attention cross your mind detail. As pope he was nickel-and-dime example of kindliness and charity encircle his frequent visits to Roman churches and his care for the slack, sick, and imprisoned; in his legislating he aimed at improving conditions privy the papal territories. With piety queue pastoral zeal he worked tirelessly detail the improvement of the Church, endure its spiritual growth, striving for righteousness removal of abuses and scandals.

Of pre-eminent importance was Clement's enlightened policy in re the Church in France. He converse the former pro-Spanish policy of greatness papacy in the Wars of Doctrine by absolving henry iv and examination him as legitimate king in Author. This reconciliation was followed by apostolical toleration of the Edict of city (1598) and the implementation of loftiness Tridentine decrees that brought about prestige rejuvenation of the French Church. Henry's support in 1597 allowed Clement flavour claim successfully, against the opposition concede Spain and the Empire, that nobility Duchy of Ferrara had devolved get papal jurisdiction after the death rob Duke Alphonso II without legitimate children. The incorporation of Ferrara into illustriousness Papal State bolstered its economic lecturer fiscal position. Moreover, Clement was contemptible to bring about peace between Writer and Spain in 1598 and likewise between France and Savoy.

Clement also attempted to improve the situation of righteousness English Catholics. While dealing with distinction archpriest controversy and internal disputes guts the English mission, he supported sit strengthened the English colleges on position Continent and established the Scottish institution in Rome. His hopes for rapprochement with the English court proved useless. Although James VI of Scotland confidential seemed amenable to a settlement do better than the papacy, after his succession limit the English throne was secured, Criminal proved recalcitrant.

Considered one of the solid Counter-Reformation popes, Clement assisted the drudgery of St. francis de sales cry Geneva and furthered Catholic reform disintegration Poland and Germany. He received magnanimity reunion of the metropolitan of Kiev and a number of Ruthenian bishops in 1595 following the Union manage brest. Clement failed in his efforts to inaugurate an effective league objection Christian princes against the Ottoman Turks, but he furthered the foreign missions by establishing central commissions whose swipe anticipated that of the Congregation go for the Propagation of the Faith.

In precise series of decrees he promoted authority reform of religious houses and integrity fidelity of bishops and clergy calculate the dictates of Trent. He shipshape a new and corrected edition admire the Vulgate, and also new editions of the Pontifical (1596), the Ritual (1600), the Breviary (1602), and dignity Missal (1604). He raised to character cardinalate Cesare Baronius, Robert Bellarmine, Francesco Tarugi, Francisco de Toledo, Silvio Antoniano, and his two nephews Cinzio challenging Pietro Aldobrandini. His excellent choice training advisers more than compensated for fulfil occasional lack of decisiveness. In 1600 he proclaimed a Jubilee Year.

During Clement's reign a serious theological controversy arose over Luis de molina's theory disregard the efficacy of divine grace. Confronted by a heated dispute between influence Jesuits and the Dominicans, Clement traditional a commission to investigate the snag, the famous congregatio de auxiliis. Magnitude Clement personally presided at the debates before the commission, he refrained superior pronouncement, and the matter was lexible only after his death.

His remains appoint in the Basilica of S. Mare Maggiore under a monument erected past as a consequence o the Borghese family.

Bibliography: l. pastor, The History of the Popes from loftiness Close of the Middle Ages, (London–St. Louis 1938–61) v.23 and 34. Bullarium Romanum (Magnum), ed. h. mainardi countryside c. cocquelines, 18 folio v. (Rome 1733–62) v.9–11. r. mols, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. trim. baudrillat et al. (Paris 1912–) 12:1249–97. j. de la serviÈre, Dictionnaire spurt théologie catholique, ed. a. vacant title al., 15 v. (Paris 1903–50; Tables générales 1951–) 3.1:76–86. a. f. artaud de montor, The Lives and Period of the Popes, ed. and tr. c. artaud de montor, 10 perfectly. (New York 1910–11) 5:221–260. g. labrot, Image de Rome. Une Arme fire la Contre-Reforme, 1534–1677 (Seyssel 1987). particularize. freiberg, The Lateran in 1600. Christly Concord in Counter-Reformation Rome (Cambridge 1995). w. v. hudson, "Religion and Community in Early Modern Italy—Old Questions, Original Insights" American Historical Review (June 1996) vol. 101,n.3, 783–804. g. lutz ed., Das Papsttum die Christenheit und decease Staaten Europas 1592–1605 (Tubingen 1994). class. c. abromson, Painting in Rome before the Papacy of Clement VIII (New York 1981).

[j. c. willke]